5/13/2007

Overjustification effect


摘自 Wikipedia

The overjustification effect (also called the undermining effect) is the effect whereby giving someone an incentive (monetary or otherwise) to do something that they already enjoy doing decreases their intrinsic motivation to do it. As a result of the extrinsic incentive, the person views his or her actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. According to Self-perception theory, people undergo overjustification effect because by observing what they do and why they did it, the extrinsic motivation appears to be the main cause and so undermines their intrinsic motivation.

过度理由效应(也称逐渐削弱效应)是一种通过给与人奖励(金钱上的或其他的),让他们做已喜欢的事从而降低其原本做事动机的效应。由于外在的奖励刺激,人们把他或她的行为视为受外部约束的而非本质上的吸引。根据自体知觉理论,人们遭遇过度理由效应是由于——通过观察做了什么和做的原因,以为外在动机是主要的原因,这就破坏了内在动机。

晕,这么晦涩的解释,网上有这样故事解释:
一位老人在一个小乡村里休养,但附近却住着一些十分顽皮的孩子,他们天天互相追逐打闹,喧哗的吵闹声使老人无法好好休息,在屡禁不止的情况下,老人想出了一个办法。
  他把孩子们都叫到一起,告诉他们谁叫的声音越大,谁得到的报酬就越多,他每次都根据孩子们吵闹的情况给予不同的奖励。到孩子们已经习惯于获取奖励的时候,老人开始逐渐减少所给的奖励,最后无论孩子们怎么吵,老人一分钱也不给。
  结果,孩子们认为受到的待遇越来越不公正,认为不给钱了谁还给你叫,再也不到老人所住的房子附近大声吵闹。

由这个效应想到的话就多了,在这里就说一条:通常借助内在动机做的事才能做的更长更远。冠以七荤八素的理由名号,为着五颜六色的欲望利益,能够快速的行动没错,直到理由失去意义,利益不再诱人。